A mountain bike (also called a mountain bike or mountain bike language familiar in Canada) is a land vehicle with two wheels (where it gets its name) aligned. The driving force is provided by a human (cyclist) sitting or lying through pedals. The mountain bike is a major means of transport in many parts of the world. His practice, cycling, is both a daily use, a popular entertainment and sport.
The order of magnitude usual velocities cycling is 16 to 32 km / h. On a mountain bike race fast, reasonably led to a cyclist can reach about 50 km / h on a course horizontal, for short periods. The greatest speed ever achieved on the flat, without using a screen aerodynamics, was reached Saturday by Canadian Whittingham in 2002, constituting the world record with 130 km / h on his recumbent highly aerodynamic. This is the record all categories for human-propelled vehicles.
Compared with walking, cycling is three times more effective and equal effort between three and four times faster. It was also calculated in terms of conversion movement of energy from food, it is a form of locomotion more effective than any biological organism (biological organism most effective km east to the sledgehammer and the second is the salmon). [1]
Plans Drais 1817À when should we be traced back the history of cycling? At the legendary Count of Mede Sivrac supposed inventor of célérifère in 1790 The genesis of this myth has been told by Jacques Seray [2].
The story begins in 1817, when the German Baron Karl Drais von Sauerbronn invented his Laufmaschine or "machine run" to be presented in Paris the same year (Patent import french filed by Louis-Joseph Dineur on behalf of Baron Drais on 17/02/1818: "Machine said velocipede"). The Draisienne of 1817 had two wheels in line, connected to a wooden frame with forks, the front wheel can rotate sideways. This device experienced some success, especially the United Kingdom and the USA. The Draisienne and gear that resembled him were known by various names, such as hobby horse, dandy horse, biciped or scooter. They took over the latter, inasmuch as the sole means of propulsion was to take ground support to provide thrust.
One might consider that Draisienne is part of the prehistory of the mountain bike and its history itself begins with velocipedes pedal. Historians hold the date of 1861 for the emergence of the pedals, when Pierre Michaux, locksmith in a car begins manufacturing the first velocipedes pedal. He calls this pedal "pédivelle" (french Patent No. 80 637 tabled by Pierre Michaux on 24/04/1868: "Improvement in the construction of velocipedes") and a widespread manufacturing by creating his company in 1865, "House Michaux "Becomes" The company Parisienne "in 1869. We can talk, from 1867, popular success. Loom races velocipedes, clubs, newspapers .. The devices similar to velocipede Michaux had much success the USA after 1866, when Pierre Lallement, a former associate of Pierre Michaux, obtained a U.S. patent for a machine he called "bisicle." Some nicknamed the machine boneshaker ( "secoueuse bone"), due to the design of wheels, wooden cerclées iron. Linings hard rubber wheels appeared in 1869 and significantly improved the comfort of the equipment.
After the War of 1870, the development of velocipedes will continue especially in England. The front wheel became larger, and the rear wheel fell size. This type of mountain bike was a storm. The first major bi-called Ordinary appeared in 1872. In England, he was nicknamed Penny Farthing (based on the respective sizes of these two coins).
A french inventor had the idea to use the sword sheaths become unnecessary to replace the tubes full. This made it possible to lighten considerably whole.
Advertising 1897En 1884, John K. Starley of the company Coventry Sewing Machine Company ( "Company sewing machines Coventry), which will become Rover, invented the" safety mountain bike "with wheels of reasonable size and a transmission channel. The cyclist is located at the rear, making it almost impossible to drop type "sun" where the cyclist was catapulted over the front wheel (English Patent No. 1 341 filed by John K. Starley the 30/01 / 1885 "Improvements in roller bearings for velocipedes, carriages, or like light vehicles or light machinery").
A larger gear to the front (the board) and back (Gable) turns the rear wheel faster than the pedals not turn, allowing this type of gear to move quickly even without a giant wheel.
John Boyd Dunlop invented the pneumatic tyre in 1888 (Patent No. 193281 french filed by John Boyd Dunlop on 1/10/1888: "Trim rim applicable to the wheels of vehicles"). This helped to further improve the comfort of the cyclist.
mountain bikes Security 1890 already looked much the current mountain bikes. They had tyre size comparable to those of a modern mountain bike, spoked wheels, a steel frame and a transmission channel. The only thing they lacked was a system of changing gears.
In the 1890's this new model of mountain bike has expanded the target potential users. Moreover, mountain bikes became an industrial product, reducing their prices to a point which made them affordable to workers. This led to a "madness of the mountain bike, which was originally an important social development (see below).
In 1903 comes the Tour de France. The first winner of this great event is Maurice Garin.
The multi-speed systems began to be used in cycling competitions in 1930.
The vélocar appears in the years 1930, recumbent and ancestor of the vélomobile.
The derails grow during 1950.
Finally, vélomobiles reborn in the late 1980.
In 1929, the shape and main functions of the mountain bike was set, including a recreational function, which will develop especially with the holidays payésAvec more than a billion and half of mountain bikes circulating on the planet, the mountain bike is still the means of transport most used in the world.
In its two wheels with a framework consisting of two triangles back to back, cycling (almost identical to the one we use now) has provided the women unprecedented mobility, thus facilitating their emancipation. In the 1890's enthusiasm for cycling among women was behind the creation of a fashion clothing such as skirts-pants that have helped women to free themselves of the corset and other clothing binding.
In the city, in Europe, but especially in China and some countries in Southeast Asia, mountain bikes have reduced the concentration of population in the downtown by giving workers a way to travel between tilting houses in the suburbs near and workplaces in the city. The use of horses has also declined in the same period. The mountain bike, combined to leave, permit people to travel to their countries of origin, with a high degree of autonomy, and without polluting and occupy as much space as the car.
As the war of 14-18, folding mountain bikes existed and were utilisésLa mountain bike was used by various armed infantry regiments cyclist.
From a historical point of view, the development of modern mountain bike had two major implications.
First, the industrial manufacture of mountain bikes with double frame triangle back to back necessitated the development of advanced metal work for the production of frames, and components such as ball bearings and gears. These techniques were later allowed to develop mechanical parts which were first used in automobiles and aircraft. An example of such a development is that of the Wright brothers, who made their debut as manufacturers of mountain bikes.
The second implication of the development of the use of the mountain bike was the organization on the political level cyclists and cycling enthusiasts, in the form of pressure groups, to promote institutions with the creation of a road network clothed, well-maintained and mapped.
Both the model of organising these pressure groups than the roads themselves later facilitated the development of the use of another wheeled vehicle: the automobile. In some Western societies, the mountain bike was relegated after World War II to the rank of toys for children, and it was so for several years, including the USA. In some Western countries, particularly the Netherlands and Germany, bicycling continued to be commonly used as a means of transport.
However, interest in cycling has gradually increased recently, mainly for its use as a fitness, recreational and competitive sport. Moreover, a growing proportion of the population uses it as a means of transport for short distances, especially in densely populated cities where traffic is congested, and where the cost of parking and use of the automobile as the demand for environmental quality have made use of cars less attractive. This trend has accelerated with the process of population ageing suburbs close to many cities. More and more cities are building now cycling facilities as tracks or tapes mountain bike along the streets, to facilitate and encourage the use of mountain bikes both as a means of locomotion on a daily basis as entertainment. The tabulations are to be published.
The mountain bike is still one individual vehicles most commonly used in many developing countries. The image of the teeming Asian city of mountain bikes is a cliché frequently met, although in reality the mountain bike has tended to be less and less successful.
According to The Economist magazine, one of the main reasons for the proliferation of mountain bikes manufactured in China on markets outside this country would be the tendency of Chinese to prefer more and more automobiles and two-wheeled motorized.
In France, particularly in big cities, and as in many countries that use the mountain bike theft is quite common, which led to the development of better means of anti-theft. Thus the Netherlands (as in France, Scandinavia and Germany) an institution verifies the reliability of anti-theft [3].
Other means of transport are trying to adapt to living with the mountain bike by providing means of promoting the complementarity of modes: transport system mountain bikes on buses, trains, etc.. To reduce the risk of theft, many parks pole equipped mountain bikes or mini-mountain bike garages (instructions cycling).
Environmental dimension [change]
Some cities (here, Stockholm) promote the development of cycling for reasons of sustainable development
VélomobileLe mountain bike is a way of getting energy-efficient, rather dangerous and occupying little space. It has a small footprint (if used). In urban areas, for short trips it is a good alternative to the automobile. For longer journeys, always in the middle urban, it is an excellent complement to public transport, because it increases the area served.
A network said cycling and greenways, pan is being established so cyclists can move safely through the whole of Europe, while having easy access to places of restorations. In Quebec, a similar project called the Green route was inaugurated in 2007 and covers the territory inhabited from east to west across the province. In Europe, many regions are designed for use by cyclists, but the north-south differences and urban-rural remain very important. They are mainly the Netherlands and Denmark which stand out: the cities of Groningen and Copenhagen are often cited as an example. And yet, according to some sources, the city of Ferrara in northern Italy, which would have the proportion of cyclists highest in the world [4].
Dimension public health [change]
The biking brings enormous benefits in terms of public health, because it is an exercise intensity average is precisely what is required to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. This gain in terms of health, however, is offset - in some countries than in others - at the risk of accidents.
These are countries with many cyclists who are less dangerous for lovers of small queen. In an article published in 2007 in the journal Injury Prevention [5], English researchers compared the risks faced by cyclists aged 10 to 14 years in eight countries. Result: the Netherlands and Norway are the safest countries, followed by Switzerland and Germany. In tail ranking is the Great Britain and New Zealand. Road users are disciplined in these countries, but cycling there is not widespread. The addition of accidents come from the fact that motorists are not sufficiently used to rub cyclists.
These results confirm what other researchers, including Swedish and U.S. [6], applying since the early 2000: if you multiply the number of cyclists by ten the number of accidents is multiplied by "only" four . It is therefore desirable that the number of cyclists increases, for security reasons.
In a country such as Switzerland, each year, two times fewer people die in mountain bike moto that, while cyclists make more trips than the mountain bikers (Statistics includes scooters from among 125 cc motorcycles). By kilometre, and scootéristes motorcyclists are 18 times more exposed to a fatal accident that motorists, cyclists 7 times more, and pedestrians 6 times more. If one calculates the risk of death per hour, travel by mountain bike is more risky than driving a car, but the hour of cycling is 7 to 8 times less dangerous than an hour motorcycle or scooter.
This meets cyclists and motorcyclists, is that in most accidents affecting them, a car is involved and it is the motorist who is at fault (denial of priority, by striking back). Cyclists are less exposed than the mountain bikers as they drive slower and their vehicle is lighter.
In Denmark, a study [7] taking into account all the positives and negatives associated with the practice of cycling has shown that the risk of dying in the year is reduced by one third in people who travel to work by mountain bike Compared to those who use other means of transport. The daily physical activity thus provides a gain greater than the risk of accident.
The cyclist is also less exposed to air pollutants than other road users. Even on a main road, it aspires less gas than motorists because he was travelling on the side of the road - where rates are lower pollution - and because its elevated position allows him to escape certain pollutants are heavier than air. In addition, cyclists can take advantage of their flexibility to explore paths that avoid the major roads [8].
Technical [change]
The vélodiversité has always been present since the history of cycles. It reappears even more clearly since the rebirth of the mountain bike lying.
mountain bikes current consist of a set of easily identifiable parts. The framework is the main part, it is generally a triangle on which the weight of the cyclist is spread from the fulcrum of the saddle where the cyclist is seated, coupled with a second smallest triangle on which is mounted the rear wheel: the second triangle is composed of guy (and ends outside of the rear triangle) and bases (base of the rear triangle). The front wheel is fixed to the frame with a fork, the upper part thereof is mounted on ball bearings through a tube almost vertical to the front of the frame. These ball bearings are the headset. The summit of the fork is a stem that is fixed handlebar. The fork can be suspended. Many models of modern mountain bikes are also designed without shrouds fixed, replaced by a system suspended. This system may take various forms and varied, the use of joints based on bearings, to the use of flexible materials (including titanium), which allow a gradual deformation. Such mountain bikes all-Hold are designed to practice uneven ground as the ATV to provide additional comfort.
Cycling any terrainL'énergie is provided by the cyclist through its feet, with whom he supports on pedals connected to one or several gears in the bracket: or trays. The rear gear, the gear (but there are often several gables of different sizes set together, one speaks of a cassette) is mounted on the rear wheel by a ratchet mechanism anti-return: the wheel-free. The transmission of movement between a plateau and a gear is provided by the channel. Depending on the type of practice for which the mountain bike is designed, the tape may be "flat" as a mountain bike route, which means between two successive gables, there is only one tooth more about the largest; other types of mountain bikes as mountain mountain bikes, the number of teeth can grow much faster between successive gables. All the elements between the pedals and rear wheel is designated by the term transmission.
The possibility of changing speeds is one of the major advances of technology cyclist. The work of the legs is more effective at certain speeds of rotation (or speed) bracket. Having a possibility of wider selection of reports speeds between plateaus and gables allows the rider to retain his cadence closest to a desired value. That is why road mountain bikes are equipped with pine nuts "flat", so as to allow the cyclist to monitor its pace depending on the small number of configurations that can usually field meet. It is a simple device that pushes the chain laterally so as to compel it to change gear (or tray for the front derailleur). The gable sides themselves have a specific form indentations with the dimensions of the chain, to "grab" the channel when it is pushed against the gable, engaging and on the sprocket teeth. The system is considerably simpler than the older systems like the three-speed mountain bike, but soon to conquer the market, because of the fundamental difference with all systems of changing gears used before.
mountain bike racing classic
Cycling couchéLe last of the most important organs of a mountain bike is the braking system. It is composed of two independent brake handles, each commanding a jaw from applying rubber pads on the rim through brake cables. The cables are usually protected in ducts. Some braking systems for more performance, are based on the principle of brake disc, or brake drum, integrated into the hub.
Since 1950, the majority of braking systems are derived from the design of jaw-run side invented by Campagnolo. The two arms of the jaw to tighten when the cable attached to the end of one arm and passing through the end of the other is tight. The pressure applied by the buffer rim is balanced by a spring which divides effort between the two arms of jaws.
The use of increasingly frequent tyre largest on ATVs eventually pose a problem: the rim and the tyre became too large to pass between the jaws. In a first step, the cantilever system has provided an answer to this problem. The arm of the jaw became independent, while being connected by a short cable distribution of the braking effort. The cable comes command set in the middle of cable distribution. However, this system has some weaknesses: if fixing the cable command is not centered, the effort is poorly distributed among the arms, and if the connector is stalled, the cable distribution can block the wheel sharply by trapping in drawings of the tyre, which may cause an accident if it occurs on the front wheel. A more appropriate solution to the problem of the width of tyres is the v-brake. The cable is set to be headed up so that they can not fall back on the tyre, and also transmits much better way of the braking power driven by the brake, while a little easier focus on mounting.
The rediscovery is aerodynamic mountain bikes to achieve much faster: the mountain bike lying and vélomobiles. All speed records will be beaten. Comfort is without comparison.
The materials used for the manufacture of mountain bikes are similar to those used in aviation, the aim in both cases is to get a lean and strong. Almost all mountain bikes before the 1970 were made of an alloy steel and chrome: the chromaloy (or chromoloy). In the early 1980's aluminum experienced some success, especially due to lower its cost.
So far, the metal is probably the most used mountain bikes for mid-range. In the high-end uses carbon fiber and titanium, but these materials are very expensive. Each type of material used in the frame has its advantages and disadvantages, although for a given geometry framework, all mountain bikes possess qualities virtually identical in their behaviour to the effort.
The most glaring differences between materials appear when comparing it to be held in time, their beauty, their ability to be repaired and their weight. As part of the rigidity in the vertical plane, even for a highly elastic material, is an order of magnitude higher than the rigidity of tyres and saddle, comfort mountain bike boils rather a problem of choice saddle, the geometry of the frame, tyres and setting general cycling.
While repairing a mountain bike is simple in principle, many parts are relatively complex and some prefer to delegate the maintenance of their craft professionals. However, many people prefer to maintain their mountain bikes as much as possible, whether for money or simply for the pleasure of tinkering, a passion for cycling.
In North America and in other regions where the soil freezes in winter, it is possible to install tires with metal spikes. These provide greater grip on icy surfaces and the followers of this means of travel can circulate throughout the winter, but it does not always work.
Legislation [change]
In France, the decree no95-937 [9] in August 1995 on the prevention of risks arising from the use of mountain bikes precise nature of a mountain bike: "It means any product mountain bike with two wheels and a saddle, and propelled primarily by the muscular energy of the person mounted on the vehicle, in particular through pedals. "
The record speed mountain bike on the flat behind shelters [change]
In 1899 the American Charles Murphy reached 101.7 km / h on a floor placed between the rails behind a train.
1 October 1924 Leon Vanderstuyft reached 107.7 km / h on the velodrome at Montlhéry, France behind motorcycle
October 19, 1924 Jean Brunier reached 112.44 km / h on the velodrome at Montlhéry, France behind motorcycle
1 October 1925 Leon Vanderstuyft reached 115098 km / h on the velodrome at Montlhéry, France behind motorcycle
1 November 1925 Jean Bunier reached 120958 km / h on the velodrome at Montlhéry, France behind motorcycle
September 29, 1926 Leon Vanderstuyft reached 122771 km / h on the velodrome at Montlhéry, France behind motorcycle
October 21, 1933 A. White-Garin reached 128205 km / h on the velodrome at Montlhéry, France behind motorcycle
March 29, 1937 the french Georges Perrier rolled 137,4 km / h behind a motorcycle. Again the rider was towed to a certain speed before it can accelerate, taking a huge gear.
April 12, 1937 Albert Marquet reached 139902 km / h in Los Angeles behind a car
October 22, 1938 Alfred Letourneur reached 147058 km / h on the velodrome at Montlhéry, France behind motorcycle
May 17, 1941 Alfred Letourneur reached 175.35 km / h to Bakersfield, USA behind a car
Between 1951 and 1962, the french Jose Meiffret beat this record several times to reach 204.8 km / h behind a car. This achievement is still the record for France.
August 25, 1973 Allan Abbott reached 223126 km / h at Bonneville, USA behind a car
July 20, 1985 John Howard reached 245077 km / h at Bonneville, USA behind a car
October 3, 1995 Fred Rompelberg reached 268831 km / h [10] In Bonneville, USA behind a car. This is the record still in force
Variations around the mountain bike [change]
Half wheeler - Golden Gate Bridge in San FranciscoDe many inventions and practices stemming from the mountain bike, or towards:
See Bugamountain bike model 2008
Draisienne
the first mountain bike pedals
michaudine
Grand bi
célérifère
more wheels: scooters, tricycles and other
one wheel: unicycle
several people: tandem
position of the pedals and saddlery: recumbent, vélocar or vélomobile
without saddle: scooter
to transport passengers: rickshaw or trishaw
equipped for off-road mountain biking, cyclocross, downhill, free-ride
equipped for long distances in full autonomy: cycling
pedal car: Rosalie
equipped with a battery mountain bike assistance to electric power-assisted mountain bike or
easy to carry: the folding mountain bike
Old nails, an old mountain bike,
Beach Cruiser
The two-wheelers are: motorcycle, moped, scooter.